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IgY, or immunoglobulin Y, is a type of antibody found in the immune systems of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It serves a similar function to IgG in mammals. In birds, IgY is the primary antibody found in serum, egg yolk, and other bodily fluids, whereas in mammals, IgG is the predominant antibody. IgY antibodies are important for providing passive immunity to offspring through the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the egg yolk, similar to how mammals transfer antibodies through the placenta or breast milk. IgY antibodies have also been used in research and diagnostic applications due to their specificity and ability to be harvested from egg yolks.
The principle of the double antibody sandwich Chicken IgY ELISA is represented in Figure 1. In this assay the IgY present in samples reacts with the anti-Chicken IgY Fc antibodies which have been adsorbed to the surface of polystyrene microtitre wells. After the removal of unbound proteins by washing, anti-Chicken IgY antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), are added. These enzyme-labeled antibodies form complexes with the previously bound IgY. Following another washing step, the enzyme bound to the immunosorbent is assayed by the addition of a chromogenic substrate, 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The quantity of bound enzyme varies directly with the concentration of chicken IgY in the sample tested; thus, the absorbance, at 450 nm, is a measure of the concentration of IgY in the test sample. The quantity of IgY in the test sample can be interpolated from the standard curve constructed from the standards, and corrected for sample dilution.
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